World Journal of Dentistry

Register      Login

VOLUME 9 , ISSUE 3 ( May-June, 2018 ) > List of Articles

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

In vitro Remineralization of Caries-affected Dentin after Selective Carious Tissue Removal

Ahmed Ali, Ahmed Almaroof, Frederic Festy, Avijit Banerjee, Francesco Mannocci

Keywords : Carisolv, Dental caries, Microscopy, Remineralization

Citation Information : Ali A, Almaroof A, Festy F, Banerjee A, Mannocci F. In vitro Remineralization of Caries-affected Dentin after Selective Carious Tissue Removal. World J Dent 2018; 9 (3):170-179.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1529

License: CC BY-SA 4.0

Published Online: 01-06-2018

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2018; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the mineral deposition and microhardness within the retained caries-affected dentin (CAD) after excavation with Carisolv™ gel or rotary burs. Materials and methods: Totally 20 extracted human carious molars, with caries extending into the middle third of dentin, were sectioned mesiodistally. The carious tissue in each hemi-section was excavated with gel or bur and restored with a mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) base and resin composite. Five sound posterior teeth were hemi-sected to serve as a control. Twenty-five hemi-sections were stored in distilled water (DW) and the other 25 were stored in simulated body fluid (SBF). Each sample was scanned and tested using Raman spectroscopy and Knoop microhardness respectively, at the MTA–dentin interface at day 1 and 14. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to assess the surface topography of dentin after excavation with gel/bur. Results: The results show that the baseline mineral content and microhardness of dentin were significantly lower in Carisolv.- treated samples in comparison with that treated with burs (p ≤0.05). However, there were comparable mineral levels in the two groups after 14 days'storage in SBF (p ≥0.05), which showed statistically insignificant differences from the sound control (p ≥0.05). Microhardness and mineral contents decreased significantly in the sound control after 14 days'storage in DW (p ≤0.05). The SEM images showed partially open dentin tubules with less smear layer after Carisolv. excavation compared with more occluded dentin tubules with an abundance of smear layer after bur excavation. Conclusion: Although gel excavation retains more CAD in comparison with bur, remineralization of this remaining tissue is evident after 2 weeks. Clinical significance: The use of Carisolv™ gel provides an alternative to rotary burs in terms of preserving the tooth structure and not hindering the remineralization potential of valuable tooth structure, a clinical advantage for minimally invasive dentistry


PDF Share
  1. Thompson V, Craig RG, Curro FA, Green WS, Ship JA. Treatment of deep carious lesions by complete excavation or partial removal: a critical review. JADA 2008 Jun;139(6):705-712.
  2. Schwendicke F, Frencken JE, Bjørndal L, Maltz M, Manton DJ, Ricketts D, Van Landuyt K, Banerjee A, Campus G, Doméjean S, et al. Managing carious lesions consensus recommendations on carious tissue removal. Adv Dent Res 2016 May;28(2): 58-67.
  3. Ricketts D, Lamont T, Innes NP, Kidd E, Clarkson JE. Operative caries management in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013 Mar;3:CD003808.
  4. Hevinga MA, Opdam NJ, Frencken JE, Truin GJ, Huysmans MC. Does incomplete caries removal reduce strength of restored teeth? J Dent Res 2010 Nov;89(11):1270-1275.
  5. Schwendicke F, Meyer-Lueckel H, Dörfer C, Paris S. Failure of incompletely excavated teeth—a systematic review. J Dent 2013 Jul;41(7):569-580.
  6. Maltz M, de Oliveira EF, Fontanella V, Bianchi R. A clinical, microbiologic, and radiographic study of deep caries lesions after incomplete caries removal. Quintessence Int 2002 Feb;33(2):151-159.
  7. Alves LS, Fontanella V, Damo AC, Ferreira de Oliveira E, Maltz M. Qualitative and quantitative radiographic assessment of sealed carious dentin: a 10-year prospective study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010 Jan;109(1):135-141.
  8. Krause F, Braun A, Lotz G, Kneist S, Jepsen S, Eberhard J. Evaluation of selective caries removal in deciduous teeth by a fluorescence feedback-controlled Er:YAG laser in vivo. Clin Oral Investig 2008 Sep;12(3):209-215.
  9. Sakoolnamarka R, Burrow MF, Swain M, Tyas MJ. Microhardness and Ca:P ratio of carious and Carisolv™ treated caries-affected dentine using an ultra-micro-indentation system and energy dispersive analysis of x-rays—a pilot study. Aust Dent J 2005 Apr;50(4):246-250.
  10. Hamama HH, Yiu CK, Burrow MF, King NM. Chemical, morphological and microhardness changes of dentine after chemomechanical caries removal. Aust Dent J 2013 Sep;58(3):283-292.
  11. Banerjee A, Kidd EA, Watson TF. Scanning electron microscopic observations of human dentine after mechanical caries excavation. J Dent 2000 Mar;28(3):179-186.
  12. Splieth C, Rosin M, Gellissen B. Determination of residual dentine caries after conventional mechanical and chemomechanical caries removal with Carisolv. Clin Oral Investig 2001 Dec;5(4):250-253.
  13. Tay FR, Pashley DH, Rueggeberg FA, Loushine RJ, Weller RN. Calcium phosphate phase transformation produced by the interaction of the Portland cement component of white mineral trioxide aggregate with a phosphate-containing fluid. J Endod 2007 Nov;33(11):1347-1351.
  14. Reyes-Carmona JF, Felippe MS, Felippe WT. The biomineralization ability of mineral trioxide aggregate and portland cement on dentin enhances the push-out strength. J Endod 2010 Feb;36(2):286-291.
  15. Almahdy A, Downey FC, Sauro S, Cook RJ, Sherriff M, Richards D, Watson TF, Banerjee A, Festy F. Microbiochemical analysis of carious dentine using Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. Caries Res 2012 Jun;46(5):432-440.
  16. Milia E, Pinna R, Castelli G, Bortone A, Marceddu S, Garcia- Godoy F, Gallina G. TEM morphological characterization of a one-step self-etching system applied clinically to human caries-affected dentin and deep sound dentin. Am J Dent 2012 Dec;25(6):321-326.
  17. Hashimoto M, Ohno H, Kaga M, Sano H, Endo K, Oguchi H. The extent to which resin can infiltrate dentin by acetonebased adhesives. J Dent Res 2002 Jan;81(1):74-78.
  18. Salem-Milani A, Zand V, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Zakeri- Milani P, Banifatemeh A. The effect of protocol for disinfection of extracted teeth recommended by center for disease control (CDC) on microhardness of enamel and dentin. J Clin Exp Dent 2015 Dec;7(5):e552-e556.
  19. Ogawa K, Yamashita Y, Ichijo T, Fusayama T. The ultrastructure and hardness of the transparent of human carious dentin. J Dent Res 1983 Jan;62(1):7-10.
  20. Habelitz S, Marshall GW Jr, Balooch M, Marshall SJ. Nanoindentation and storage of teeth. J Biomech 2002 Jul;35(7): 995-998.
  21. Kawasaki K, Ruben J, Tsuda H, Huysmans MC, Takagi O. Relationship between mineral distributions in dentine lesions and subsequent remineralization in vitro. Caries Res 2000 Sep-Oct;34(5):395-403.
  22. Sarkar N, Caicedo R, Ritwik P, Moiseyeva R, Kawashima I. Physicochemical basis of the biologic properties of mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod 2005 Feb;31(2):97-100.
  23. Peters MC, Bresciani E, Barata TJ, Fagundes TC, Navarro RL, Navarro MF, Dickens SH. In vivo dentin remineralization by calcium-phosphate cement. J Dent Res 2010 Mar;89(3): 286-291.
  24. Kinney JH, Habelitz S, Marshall SJ, Marshall GW. The importance of intrafibrillar mineralization of collagen on the mechanical properties of dentin. J Dent Res 2003 Dec;82(12):957-961.
  25. Fusayama, T. Simple pain-free adhesive restorative system by minimal reduction and total etching. Tokyo: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, Incorporated; 1993.
  26. Fusayama T. Intratubular crystal deposition and remineralization of carious dentin. J Biol Buccale 1991 Sep;19(3):255-262.
  27. Koutsopoulos S. Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite crystals: a review study on the analytical methods. J Biomed Mater Res 2002 Dec;62(4):600-612.
  28. Schwendicke F, Al-Abdi A, Meyer-Luckel H, Paris S. Pulpal remineralisation of artificial residual caries lesions in vitro. Caries Res 2015 Oct;49(6):591-594.
  29. Cochrane NJ, Cai F, Huq NL, Burrow MF, Reynolds EC. New approaches to enhanced remineralization of tooth enamel. J Dent Res 2010 Nov;89(11):1187-1197.
  30. Damen JJ, Buijs MJ, ten Cate JM. Fluoride-dependent formation of mineralized layers in bovine dentin during demineralization in vitro. Caries Res 1998 Nov-Dec;32(6):435-440.
  31. Fan Y, Sun Z, Moradian-Oldak J. Controlled remineralization of enamel in the presence of amelogenin and fluoride. Biomaterials 2009 Feb;30(4):478-483.
  32. George A, Veis A. Phosphorylated proteins and control over apatite nucleation, crystal growth, and inhibition. Chem Rev 2008 Nov;108(11):4670-4693.
  33. Pashley DH, Nelson R, Kepler EE. The effects of plasma and salivary constituents on dentin permeability. J Dent Res 1982 Aug;61(8):978-981.
  34. Yamada Y, Kimura Y, Hossain M, Kinoshita JI, Shimizu Y, Matsumoto K. Caries removal with Carisolv system: criteria evaluation and microleakage test. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2005 Winter;30(2):121-126.
  35. Langeland, K. Tissue changes in the dental pulp: an experimental study. Oslo: Oslo University Press; 1957.
  36. Prati C, Gandolfi MG. Calcium silicate bioactive cements: biological perspectives and clinical applications. Dent Mater 2015 Apr;31(4):351-370.
  37. Tomson PL, Grover LM, Lumley PJ, Sloan AJ, Smith AJ, Cooper PR. Dissolution of bio-active dentine matrix components by mineral trioxide aggregate. J Dent 2007 Aug;35(8):636-642.
  38. Ferracane JL, Cooper PR, Smith AJ. Can interaction of materials with the dentin-pulp complex contribute to dentin regeneration? Odontology 2010 Feb;98(1):2-14.
  39. Duarte MA, Demarchi AC, Yamashita JC, Kuga MC, de Campos Fraga S. pH and calcium ion release of 2 root-end filling materials. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003 Mar;95(3):345-347.
  40. Tay FR, Pashley DH. Biomimetic remineralization of resinbonded acid-etched dentin. J Dent Res 2009 Aug;88(8):719-724.
  41. Vidal F, Coutinho TM, Carvalho Ferreira D, Souza RC, Gonçalves LS. Odontogenic sinusitis: a comprehensive review. Acta Odontol Scand 2017 Nov;75(8):623-633.
  42. Puglisi S, Privitera S, Maiolino L, Serra A, Garotta M, Blandino G, Speciale A. Bacteriological findings and antimicrobial resistance in odontogenic and non-odontogenic chronic maxillary sinusitis. J Med Microbiol 2011 Sep;60(Pt 9):1353-1359.
  43. Zhang X, Sun Z, Yang Q. Application of Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to the analysis of bacterial communities associated with asymptomatic and symptomatic pericoronitis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018 Mar;76(3):483-489.
  44. Suárez-López Del Amo F, Yu SH, Wang HL. Non-surgical therapy for peri-implant diseases: a systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2016 Sep;7(3):e13.
  45. Aberg CH, Kelk P, Johansson A. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: virulence of its leukotoxin and association with aggressive periodontitis. Virulence 2015 Apr;6(3):188-195.
  46. Larsen OI, Enersen M, Kristoffersen AK, Wennerberg A, Bunæs DF, Lie SA, Leknes KN. Antimicrobial effects of three different treatment modalities on dental implant surfaces. J Oral Implantol 2017 Dec;43(6):429-436.
  47. Prathapachandran J, Suresh N. Management of periimplantitis. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2012 Sep-Oct;9(5):516-521.
  48. Bhattacharyya M, Kumar AN, Kapuria S. Synthesis and characterization of Al/SiC and Ni/Al2O3 functionally graded materials. Mater Sci Eng A 2008 Jul;487(1-2):524-535.
  49. Chenglin C, Jingchuan Z, Zhongda Y, Shidong W. Hydroxyapatite-Ti functionally graded biomaterial fabricated by powder metallurgy. Mater Sci Eng A 1999 Nov;271(1):95-100.
  50. Oleiwi JK, Anaee RA, Muhsin SA. Fabrication, characterization and physical properties of functionally graded Ti/HAP bioimplants. Wulfenia J 2015 Jul;22(7):336-348.
  51. Ogawa T, Watanabe Y, Sato H, Kim IS, Fukui Y. Theoretical study on fabrication of functionally graded material with density gradient by a centrifugal solid-particle method. Compos Part A Appl S 2006 Dec;37(12):2194-2200.
  52. Yang ZM, Tian F, Zhang LM. Theoretical study on two sedimentation processes used to form functionally graded materials. J Mater Sci Lett 2003 May;22(10):739-741.
  53. Yang ZM, Gong DR, Zhang LM. Design of co-sedimentation experiments used to fabricate functionally graded materials with a continuous change of composition. J Wuhan Univ Technol Mater Sci Ed 2004 Jan;19(2):11-13.
  54. Jin G, Takeuchi M, Honda S, Nishikawa T, Awaji H. Properties of multilayered mullite/Mo functionally graded materials fabricated by powder metallurgy processing. Mater Chem Physics 2005 Feb;89(2):238-243.
  55. Jamaludin SN, Basri S, Hussain A, Al-Othmany DS, Mustapha F, Nuruzzaman DM. Three-dimensional finite element modeling of thermomechanical problems in functionally graded hydroxyapatite/titanium plate. Math Probl Eng 2014 Apr;2014:371462.
  56. Halpern LR, Dodson TB. Does prophylactic administration of systemic antibiotics prevent postoperative inflammatory complications after third molar surgery? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007 Feb;65(2):177-185.
  57. Lopez-Cedrun JL, Pijoan JI, Fernandez S, Santamaria J, Hernandez G. Efficacy of amoxycillin treatment in preventing postoperative complications in patients undergoing third molar surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011 Jun;69(6):e5-e14.
  58. Arteagoitia MI, Barbier L, Santamaria J, Santamaria G, Ramos E. Efficacy of amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the prevention of infection and dry socket after third molar extraction. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2016 Jul;21(4):e494-e504.
  59. Piltz JR, Starita RJ. The use of subconjunctivally administered tissue plasminogen activator after trabeculectomy. Ophthalmic Surg 1994 Jan;25(1):51-53.
  60. Por YM, Tan YL, Mehta JS, Tan DT. Intracameral fibrin tissue sealant as an adjunct in tectonic lamellar keratoplasty for large corneal perforations. Cornea 2009 May;28(4):451-455.
  61. Sakarya Y, Sakarya R, Yildirim A. Sutureless amniotic membrane fixation with fibrin glue in symptomatic bullous keratopathy with poor visual potential. Eur J Ophthalmol 2010 Jan-Feb;20(1):249; author reply 249-250.
  62. Lee GA, Holcombe DJ. Surgical revision of dysfunctional filtration blebs with bleb preservation sliding conjunctival flap and fibrin glue. Eye (Lond) 2010 Jun;24(6):947-953.
  63. Kahook MY, Noecker RJ. Fibrin glue-assisted glaucoma drainage device surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 2006 Dec;90(12):1486-1489.
  64. Valimaki J. Fibrin glue for preventing immediate postoperative hypotony following glaucoma drainage implant surgery. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2006 Jun;84(3):372-374.
  65. Malhotra C, Jain AK. Human amniotic membrane transplantation: different modalities of its use in ophthalmology. World J Transplant 2014 Jun;4(2):111-121.
  66. Dua HS, Gomes JA, King AJ, Maharajan VS. The amniotic membrane in ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol 2004 Jan-Feb;49(1):51-77.
  67. Shimmura S, Shimazaki J, Ohashi Y, Tsubota K. Antiinflammatory effects of amniotic membrane transplantation in ocular surface disorders. Cornea 2001 May;20(4):408-413.
  68. Yazdani S, Mahboobipour H, Pakravan M, Doozandeh A, Ghahari E. Adjunctive mitomycin c or amniotic membrane transplantation for Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation: a randomized clinical trial. J Glaucoma 2016 May;25(5):415-421.
  69. Sheha H, Kheirkhah A, Taha H. Amniotic membrane transplantation in trabeculectomy with mitomycin C for refractory glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2008 Jun-Jul;17(4):303-307.
  70. Khairy HA, Elsawy MF. Trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C versus trabeculectomy with amniotic membrane transplant: a medium-term randomized controlled trial. J Glaucoma 2015 Sep;24(7):556-559.
  71. Rauscher FM, Barton K, Budenz DL, Feuer WJ, Tseng SC. Long-term outcomes of amniotic membrane transplantation for repair of leaking glaucoma filtering blebs. Am J Ophthalmol 2007 Jun;143(6):1052-1054.
  72. Sethi P, Patel RN, Goldhardt R, Ayyala RS. Conjunctival advancement with subconjunctival amniotic membrane draping technique for leaking cystic blebs. J Glaucoma 2016 Feb;25(2):188-192.
  73. Kitagawa K, Yanagisawa S, Watanabe K, Yunoki T, Hayashi A, Okabe M, Nikaido T. A hyperdry amniotic membrane patch using a tissue adhesive for corneal perforations and bleb leaks. Am J Ophthalmol 2009 Sep;148(3):383-389.
  74. Nagai-Kusuhara A, Nakamura M, Fujioka M, Negi A. Longterm results of amniotic membrane transplantation-assisted bleb revision for leaking blebs. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008 Apr;246(4):567-571.
  75. Rai P, Lauande-Pimentel R, Barton K. Amniotic membrane as an adjunct to donor sclera in the repair of exposed glaucoma drainage devices. Am J Ophthalmol 2005 Dec;140(6): 1148-1152.
  76. Ainsworth G, Rotchford A, Dua HS, King AJ. A novel use of amniotic membrane in the management of tube exposure following glaucoma tube shunt surgery. Br J Ophthalmol 2006 Apr;90(4):417-419.
  77. Papadaki TG, Siganos CS, Zacharopoulos IP, Panteleontidis V, Charissis SK. Human amniotic membrane transplantation for tube exposure after glaucoma drainage device implantation. J Glaucoma 2007 Jan;16(1):171-172.
  78. Mulder EJ, Leiblum DM, Visser GH. Fetal breathing movements in late diabetic pregnancy: relationship to fetal heart rate patterns and Braxton Hicks’ contractions. Early Hum Dev 1995 Nov;43(3):225-232.
  79. Schulte FJ, Michaelis R, Nolte R, Albert G, Parl U, Lasson U. Brain and behavioral maturation in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. I. Nerve conduction and EEG patterns. Neuropadiatrie 1969 Jan-Jul;1(1):24-35.
  80. Devoe LD, Youssef AA, Castillo RA, Croom CS. Fetal biophysical activities in third-trimester pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994 Aug;171(2):298-303.
  81. Dierker LJ Jr, Pillay S, Sorokin Y, Rosen MG. The change in fetal activity periods in diabetic and nondiabetic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982 May;143(2):181-185.
  82. Doherty NN, Hepper PG. Habituation in fetuses of diabetic mothers. Early Hum Dev 2000 Aug;59(2):85-93.
  83. Kainer F, Prechtl HF, Engele H, Einspieler C. Assessment of the quality of general movements in fetuses and infants of women with type-1 diabetes mellitus. Early Hum Dev 1997 Nov;50(1):13-25.
  84. Mulder EJ, O'Brien MJ, Lems YL, Visser GH, Prechtl HF. Body and breathing movements in near-term fetuses and newborn infants of type-1 diabetic women. Early Hum Dev 1990 Nov;24(2):131-152.
  85. Mulder EJ, Visser GH. Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. I. Early growth patterns. Early Hum Dev 1991 May;25(2):91-106.
  86. Mulder EJ, Visser GH. Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. II. Emergence of specific movement patterns. Early Hum Dev 1991 May;25(2):107-115.
  87. Mulder EJ, Visser GH. Impact of early growth delay on subsequent fetal growth and functional development: a study on diabetic pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 1992 Dec;31(2):91-95.
  88. Mulder EJ, Visser GH, Bekedam DJ, Prechtl HF. Emergence of behavioral states in fetuses of type-1 diabetic women. Early Hum Dev 1987 Jul;15(4):231-251.
  89. Mulder EJ, Visser GH, Morssink LP, de Vries JI. Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. III. First trimester quantity of fetal movement patterns. Early Hum Dev 1991 May;25(2):117-133.
  90. Aberg A, Westbom L, Kallen B. Congenital malformations among infants whose mothers had gestational diabetes or preexisting diabetes. Early Hum Dev 2001 Mar;61(2):85-95.
  91. Deregnier RA, Nelson CA, Thomas KM, Wewerka S, Georgieff MK. Neurophysiologic evaluation of auditory recognition memory in healthy newborn infants and infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 2000 Dec;137(6):777-784.
  92. Nelson CA, Wewerka S, Thomas KM, Tribby-Walbridge S, deRegnier R, Georgieff M. Neurocognitive sequelae of infants of diabetic mothers. Behav Neurosci 2000 Oct;114(5):950-956.
  93. Reece EA, Homko CJ. Infant of the diabetic mother. Semin Perinatol 1994 Oct;18(5):459-469.
  94. Reece EA, Homko CJ. Why do diabetic women deliver malformed infants? Clin Obstet Gynecol 2000 Mar;43(1):32-45.
  95. Rizzo T, Metzger BE, Burns WJ, Burns K. Correlations between antepartum maternal metabolism and intelligence of offspring. N Engl J Med 1991 Sep;325(13):911-916.
  96. Rizzo TA, Metzger BE, Dooley SL, Cho NH. Early malnutrition and child neurobehavioral development: insights from the study of children of diabetic mothers. Child Dev 1997 Feb;68(1):26-38.
  97. Schwartz R, Teramo KA. Effects of diabetic pregnancy on the fetus and newborn. Semin Perinatol 2000 Apr;24(2):120-135.
  98. Vaarasmaki MS, Hartikainen A, Anttila M, Pramila S, Koivisto M. Factors predicting peri- and neonatal outcome in diabetic pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 2000 Jul;59(1):61-70.
  99. Robertson SS, Dierker LJ. Fetal cyclic motor activity in diabetic pregnancies: sensitivity to maternal blood glucose. Dev Psychobiol 2003 Jan;42(1):9-16.
  100. Accardo PJ, Blondis TA, Whitman BY. Disorders of attention and activity level in a referral population. Pediatrics 1990 Mar;85(3 Pt 2):426-431.
  101. Ornoy A, Uriel L, Tennenbaum A. Inattention, hyperactivity and speech delay at 2-4 years of age as a predictor for ADDADHD syndrome. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1993;30(3):155-163.
  102. Smyth TR. Impaired motor skill (clumsiness) in otherwise normal children: a review. Child Care Health Dev 1992 Sep-Oct;18(5):283-300.
  103. Petersen MB, Pedersen SA, Greisen G, Pedersen JF, Mølsted- Pedersen L. Early growth delay in diabetic pregnancy: relation to psychomotor development at age 4. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988 Feb;296(6622):598-600.
  104. Sells CJ, Robinson NM, Brown Z, Knopp RH. Long-term developmental follow-up of infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 1994 Jul;125(1):S9-S17.
  105. Vladareanu R, Lebit D, Constantinescu S. Ultrasound assessment of fetal neurobehaviour in high risk pregnancies. DSJUOG 2012 Apr-Jun;6(2):132-147.
  106. Talic A, Kurjak A, Ahmed B, Stanojevic M, Predojevic M, Kadic AS, Di Renzo GC. The potential of 4D sonography in the assessment of fetal behavior in high-risk pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011 Jul;24(7):948-954.
  107. Bekedam DJ, Visser GH, de Vries JJ, Prechtl HF. Motor behaviour in the growth retarded fetus. Early Hum Dev 1985 Nov;12(2):155-165.
  108. Cioni G, Prechtl HF. Preterm and early postterm motor behaviour in low-risk premature infants. Early Hum Dev 1990 Sep;23(3):159-191.
  109. Seme-Ciglenecki P. Predictive value of assessment of general movements for neurological development of highrisk preterm infants: comparative study. Croat Med J 2003 Dec;44(6):721-727.
  110. Abo-Yaqoub S, Kurjak A, Mohammed AB, Shadad A, Abdel-Maaboud M. The role of 4-D ultrasonography in prenatal assessment of fetal neurobehaviour and prediction of neurological outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012 Mar;25(3):231-236.
  111. Athanasiadis AP, Mikos T, Tambakoudis GP, Theodoridis TD, Papastergiou M, Assimakopoulos E, Tarlatzis BC. Neurodevelopmental fetal assessment using KANET scoring system in low and high-risk pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013 Mar;26(4):363-368.
  112. Fauser BC, Tarlatzis BC, Rebar RW, Legro RS, Balen AH, Lobo R, Carmina E, Chang J, Yildiz BO, Laven JS, et al. Consensus on women's health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Fertil Steril 2012 Jan;97(1):28-38.e25
  113. Sirmans SM, Pate KA. Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Epidemiol 2014; 6:1-13.
  114. Fauser BC, Diedrich K, Bouchard P, Domínguez F, Matzuk M, Franks S, Hamamah S, Simón C, Devroey P, Ezcurra D, et al. Contemporary genetic technologies and female reproduction. Human Reproduction Update 2011 Nov;17(6):829-847.
  115. Balen A, Conway G, Kaltsas G. Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients. Hum Reprod 1995 Aug;10(8):2107-2111.
  116. Azziz R, Sanchez L, Knochenhauer ES, Moran C, Lazenby J, Stephens KC, Taylor K, Boots LR. Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 Feb;89(2):453-462.
  117. Wild S, Pierpoint T, McKeigue P, Jacobs H. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at longterm follow-up: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000 May;52(5):595-600.
  118. Hollinrake E, Abreu A, Maifeld M, Van Voorhis BJ, Dokras A. Increased risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2007 Jun;87(6): 1369-1376.
  119. Zawadski JK, Dunaif A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome. In: Givens JHF, Merriman G, editors. The polycystic ovary syndrome. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific; 1992. p. 377-384.
  120. Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004 Jan;81(1):19-25.
  121. Azziz R, Carmina E, DeWailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W, Janssen OE, Legro RS, Norman RJ, Taylor AE, et al. Position statement: criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an Androgen Excess Society guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 Nov;91(11):4237-4245.
  122. Lujan ME, Jarrett BY, Brooks ED, Reines JK, Peppin AK, Muhn N, Haider E, Pierson RA, Chizen DR. Updated ultrasound criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: reliable thresholds for elevated follicle population and ovarian volume. Hum Reprod 2013 May;28(5):1361-1368.
  123. Badawy A, Elnashar A. Treatment options for polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Womens Health 2011 Feb;3:25-35.
  124. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No 108: Polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2009 Oct;114(4):936-949.
  125. Thessaloniki ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2008 Mar;89(3): 505-522.
  126. Balen AH. Ovulation induction in the management of anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013 Jul;373(1-2):77-82.
  127. Berridge DL, Winter TC. Saline infusion sonohysterography: technique, indications, and imaging findings. J Ultrasound Med 2004 Jan;23(1):97-112.
  128. Allison SJ, Horrow MM, Kim HY, Lev-Toaff AS. Salineinfused sonohysterography: tips for achieving greater success. Radiographics 2011 Nov-Dec;31(7):1991-2004.
  129. O'Neill MJ. Sonohysterography. Radiol Clin North Am 2003 Jul;41(4):781-797.
  130. Bonnamy L, Marret H, Perrotin F, Body G, Berger C, Lansac J. Sonohysterography: a prospective survey of results and complications in 81 patients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002 Apr;102(1):42-47.
  131. Lindheim SR, Adsuar N, Kushner DM, Pritts EA, Olive DL. Sonohysterography: a valuable tool in evaluating the female pelvis. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2003 Nov;58(11):770-784.
  132. Lindheim SR, Sprague C, Winter TC. Hysterosalpingography and sonohysterography: lessons in technique. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006 Jan;186(1):24-29.
  133. Jeanty P, Besnard S, Arnold A, Turner C, Crum P. Air-contrast sonohysterography as a first step assessment of tubal patency. J Ultrasound Med 2000 Aug;19(8):519-527.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.