The aim of this study is to review the significance of parts and operating principle of compound light microscopy with emphasis on their troubleshooters. Light microscope has been an important diagnostic tool in scientific research over the years. The invention of the microscope by Anthony Leeuwenhoek has given rise to an interesting dimension in life sciences where great discoveries have been made to study various microorganisms and the structure of cells. Handling the microscope requires sound knowledge about its parts and their construction for effective functioning. There are innumerable faults regardless of the elegance of the microscope equipment or the experience level and skill of the user. Errors must be addressed carefully to detect the cause that may be due to poor specimen preparation or technical issues. The majority of photomicrography errors traced on the optical configuration of the microscope include improper illumination, use of the wrong filters, incorrect setting of the substage components and preservation, processing and mounting of tissue specimens, or microscopic optics. By capturing various photomicrographic images at different erronic modes of microscopic handling and artifactual appearances, the acceptable approach for the use of compound microscope has been emphasized with possible remedies to overcome them. Comprehension of the compound light microscopic components with causes and remedies of troubleshooters may lead to efficient handling of the instrument for investigative and diagnostic purposes. Clinical significance: Good knowledge of the right usage of microscope parts is pivotal in routine laboratory investigations for the diagnosis and prognosis of pathologies and scientific research.