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VOLUME 14 , ISSUE 4 ( April, 2023 ) > List of Articles

REVIEW ARTICLE

Local Immune Response to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: A Narrative Review

Shilpa Bhandi, Oladapo T Okareh

Keywords : Cytokines, Immunity, Inflammation, M2 macrophage, Mineral trioxide aggregate

Citation Information : Bhandi S, Okareh OT. Local Immune Response to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: A Narrative Review. World J Dent 2023; 14 (4):382-387.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-2208

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 02-06-2023

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2023; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aims and background: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a bioactive calcium (Ca) silicate-based material that is commonly used in endodontic and restorative procedures. The material interacts with living host tissues in close proximity to promote tissue healing. This paper reviews the interaction and effect of MTA on the various components of the local immune response cascade. Results: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is capable of releasing Ca ions (Ca2+), increasing the alkalinity of surrounding tissues, and altering enzymatic activity within cells. By recruiting cells to the application site, MTA is capable of eliciting a local immune response. MTA has been found to enhance the actions of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-6, and IL-12, upregulate macrophage M2 polarization, promote angiogenesis, and suppress proinflammatory interferon (IFN) and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IFN-γ. However, MTA has no effect on cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), RANKL, and IL-10. MTA's anti-inflammatory properties facilitate tissue healing, and the mineralization induced by MTA is significant even in the presence of systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. MTA modulates the expression of various components and enzymes involved in the immune response cascade, resulting in antiinflammatory effects, angiogenesis, and optimal healing of inflamed or injured tissues. Conclusion: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has demonstrated bioactivity and is capable of promoting healing without any cytotoxic effects. The activation and suppression of specific immune responses by MTA are responsible for its antiinflammatory properties, making it a valuable tool for clinicians in various endodontic, and restorative applications. Clinical significance: The MTA's clinical significance lies in its ability to promote healing and modulate the immune response cascade in a manner that facilitates optimal tissue repair.

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