Citation Information :
Talungchit S, Buajeeb W, Khovidhunkit SP, Surarit R, Chairatvit K, Roytrakul S, Kobayashi H, Izumi Y. Increased Salivary Periodontal Pathogens and IL-17A in Oral Lichen Planus Patients with or without Periodontitis. World J Dent 2022; 13 (3):182-190.
Aim: Patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) who have gingival involvement are at increased risk for periodontal disease. This study aimed to investigate salivary levels of periodontopathic bacteria and inflammatory cytokines in OLP patients with or without periodontitis.
Materials and methods: Seventeen OLP patients and 20 control subjects were evaluated for their Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) score to classify if they had periodontitis. Four groups were studied, OLP patients with periodontitis (OLP-P), without periodontitis (OLP), periodontitis patients (P) and normal subjects (N). Salivary levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa),Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn),Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg),Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Treponema denticola (Td), and Tannerella forsythia (Tf) were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results: OLP-P and P groups had higher plaque index, bleeding on probing, and PSR scores than other groups. OLP-P and OLP patients had increased salivary Aa, Fn, Pi, Td, Tf with significantly high levels of Pi as well as high salivary IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A. IL-17A levels were significantly highest in the OLP-P group. Salivary IL-1β was significantly correlated with the level of Pi.
Conclusion: OLP patients with or without periodontitis had high levels of salivary periodontal pathogens and IL-17A.
Clinical significance: These data supported that OLP patients were at high risk for periodontitis. Oral hygiene maintenance in OLP patients with gingival lesions is of importance and could help prevent periodontitis.
Shivhare P, Gupta A, Yadav M, et al. Evaluation of different diagnostic criteria of diseases manifesting the oral cavity - a review. Part-1. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2016;6(2):135–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.12.012
Gonzalez-Moles MA, Warnakulasuriya S, Gonzalez-Ruiz I, et al. Worldwide prevalence of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Dis 2021;27(4):813–828. DOI: 10.1111/odi.13323
López-Jornet P, Camacho-Alonso F. Periodontal conditions in patients with oral lichen planus: a pilot study. Quintessence Int 2012;43(2): 147–152. PMID: 22257877.
Alsarraf A, Mehta K, Khzam N. The gingival oral lichen planus: a periodontal-oral medicine approach. Case Rep Dent 2019:4659134. DOI: 10.1155/2019/4659134
Ertugrul AS, Arslan U, Dursun R, et al. Periodontopathogen profile of healthy and oral lichen planus patients with gingivitis or periodontitis. Int J Oral Sci 2013;5(2):92–97. DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2013.30
Kim EH, Joo JY, Lee YJ, et al. Grading system for periodontitis by analyzing levels of periodontal pathogens in saliva. PLoS One 2018;13(11):e0200900. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200900
Wang K, Miao T, Lu W, et al. Analysis of oral microbial community and Th17-associated cytokines in saliva of patients with oral lichen planus. Microbiol Immunol 2015;59(3):105–113. DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12232
Shaker O, Hassan AS. Possible role of interleukin-17 in the pathogenesis of lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 2012;166(6):1367–1368. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10793.x
Xie S, Ding L, Xiong Z, et al. Implications of Th1 and Th17 cells in pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2012;32(3):451–457. DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0078-7
Pouralibaba F, Babaloo Z, Pakdel F, Aghazadeh M. Serum level of interleukin 17 in patients with erosive and non erosive oral lichen planus. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2013;7(2):91–94. DOI: 10.5681/joddd.2013.016
Wang H, Luo Z, Lei L, et al. Interaction between oral lichen planus and chronic periodontitis with Th17-associated cytokines in serum. Inflammation 2013;36(3):696–704. DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9594-2
Shen Z, Zhang C, Zhou Z, et al. Altered expression of interleukin-17A and its targeting microRNAs in oral lichen planus: a pilot study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016;122(5):619–624.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.07.005
Zenobia C, Hajishengallis G. Basic biology and role of interleukin-17 in immunity and inflammation. Periodontol 2000 2015;69(1):142–159. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12083
Humberto JSM, Pavanin JV, Rocha M, Motta ACF. Cytokines, cortisol, and nitric oxide as salivary biomarkers in oral lichen planus: a systematic review. Braz Oral Res 2018;32:e82. DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0082
Yin M, Li G, Song H, et al. Identifying the association between interleukin-6 and lichen planus: a meta-analysis. Biomed Rep 2017;6(5):571–575. DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.887
Mozaffari HR, Sharifi R, Sadeghi M. Interleukin-6 levels in the serum and saliva of patients with oral lichen planus compared with healthy controls: a meta-analysis study. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018;43(1): 103–108. DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.74880
Naruishi K, Nagata T. Biological effects of interleukin-6 on Gingival Fibroblasts: cytokine regulation in periodontitis. J Cell Physiol 2018;233(9):6393–6400. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26521
Cheng R, Wu Z, Li M, Shao M, Hu T. Interleukin-1beta is a potential therapeutic target for periodontitis: a narrative review. Int J Oral Sci 2020;12(1):2. DOI: 10.1038/s41368-019-0068-8
Jeong SH, Na HS, Park SH, et al. Topical sulfasalazine for unresponsive oral lichen planus. Quintessence Int 2016;47(4):319–327. DOI: 10.3290/j.qi.a34974
Javaid MA, Ahmed AS, Durand R, Tran SD. Saliva as a diagnostic tool for oral and systemic diseases. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2016;6(1): 66–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2015.08.006
Batool H, Nadeem A, Kashif M, et al. Salivary levels of IL-6 and IL-17 could be an indicator of disease severity in patients with Calculus associated chronic periodontitis. Biomed Res Int 2018;2018:8531961. DOI: 10.1155/2018/8531961
Kaushik R, Yeltiwar RK, Pushpanshu K. Salivary interleukin-1beta levels in patients with chronic periodontitis before and after periodontal phase I therapy and healthy controls: a case-control study. J Periodontol 2011;82(9):1353–1359. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.100472
Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol 2013;4:863. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
Whitehead AL, Julious SA, Cooper CL, Campbell MJ. Estimating the sample size for a pilot randomised trial to minimise the overall trial sample size for the external pilot and main trial for a continuous outcome variable. Stat Methods Med Res 2016;25(3):1057–1073. DOI: 10.1177/0962280215588241
van der Meij EH, van der Waal I. Lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on the presently available diagnostic criteria and suggestions for modifications. J Oral Pathol Med 2003;32(9):507–512. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2003.00125.x
Piboonniyom SO, Treister N, Pitiphat W, et al. Scoring system for monitoring oral lichenoid lesions: a preliminary study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;99(6):696–703. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.07.013
Techatanawat S, Surarit R, Chairatvit K, et al. Salivary and serum interleukin-17A and interleukin-18 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without periodontitis. PLoS One 2020;15(2):e0228921. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228921
Turesky S, Gilmore ND, Glickman I. Reduced plaque formation by the chloromethyl analogue of victamine C. J Periodontol 1970;41(1): 41–43. DOI: 10.1902/jop.1970.41.41.41
Newbrun E. Indices to measure gingival bleeding. J Periodontol 1996;67(6):555–561. DOI: 10.1902/jop.1996.67.6.555
Navazesh M. Methods for collecting saliva. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993;694:72–77. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18343.x
Thanakun S, Pornprasertsuk-Damrongsri S, Gokyu M, et al. Inverse association of plasma IgG antibody to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and high c-reactive protein levels in patients with metabolic syndrome and periodontitis. PLoS ONE 2016;11(2):e0148638. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148638
Talungchit S, Buajeeb W, Lerdtripop C, et al. Putative salivary protein biomarkers for the diagnosis of oral lichen planus: a case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2018;18(1):42. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0504-8
Paju S, Pussinen PJ, Suominen-Taipale L, et al. Detection of multiple pathogenic species in saliva is associated with periodontal infection in adults. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47(1):235–238. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01824-08
Haririan H, Andrukhov O, Bertl K, et al. Microbial analysis of subgingival plaque samples compared to that of whole saliva in patients with periodontitis. J Periodontol 2014;85(6):819–828. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130306
He J, Huang W, Pan Z, et al. Quantitative analysis of microbiota in saliva, supragingival, and subgingival plaque of Chinese adults with chronic periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2012;16(6):1579–1588. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-011-0654-4
Wang K, Lu W, Tu Q, et al. Preliminary analysis of salivary microbiome and their potential roles in oral lichen planus. Sci Rep 2016;6:22943. DOI: 10.1038/srep22943
Bornstein MM, Hakimi B, Persson GR. Microbiological findings in subjects with asymptomatic oral lichen planus: a cross-sectional comparative study. J Periodontol 2008;79(12):2347–2355. DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.080303
Kaur J, Jacobs R. Proinflammatory cytokine levels in oral lichen planus, oral leukoplakia, and oral submucous fibrosis. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015;41(4):171–175. DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2015.41.4.171
Tesmer LA, Lundy SK, Sarkar S, et al. Th17 cells in human disease. Immunol Rev 2008;223:87–113. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00628.x
Romagnani S, Maggi E, Liotta F, et al. Properties and origin of human Th17 cells. Mol Immunol 2009;47(1):3–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.12.019
Yu JJ, Ruddy MJ, Wong GC, et al. An essential role for IL-17 in preventing pathogen-initiated bone destruction: recruitment of neutrophils to inflamed bone requires IL-17 receptor–dependent signals. Blood 2007;109(9):3794–3802. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-010116
Beklen A, Ainola M, Hukkanen M, et al. MMPs, IL-1, and TNF are regulated by IL-17 in periodontitis. J Dent Res 2007;86(4):347–351. DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600409
Lu R, Zeng X, Han Q, et al. Overexpression and selectively regulatory roles of IL-23/IL-17 axis in the lesions of oral lichen planus. Mediators Inflamm 2014;2014:701094. DOI: 10.1155/2014/701094
Maehara T, Moriyama M, Kawano S, et al. Cytokine profiles contribute to understanding the pathogenic difference between Good syndrome and oral lichen planus: two case reports and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94(14):e704. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000704